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Journal of Nonverbal Behavior

25.04.2024 | Original Paper

Vocal Emotional Expressions in Mothers with and without a History of Major Depressive Disorder

verfasst von: Emma Ilyaz, Xin Feng, Xiaoxue Fu, Eric E. Nelson, Michele Morningstar

Erschienen in: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior

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Abstract

Depression is associated with alterations in prosody when speaking (e.g., less variation in pitch, slowed speech rate), but less is known about its impact on emotional prosody. This is particularly important to investigate in parent–child contexts, as parental expression of emotion may contribute to the intergenerational transmission of depression risk. The current study asked mothers of preschool-aged children (with and without a history of major depressive disorder during their child’s lifetime) to produce child-relevant sentences in neutral, angry, and happy tones of voice. We examined whether groups’ portrayals were acoustically or perceptually different, in speech analyses and listener ratings. Mothers with a history of depression expressed happiness with less range in pitch and a slower speech rate (slower, more monotonous voice) than mothers with no history of depression. Across groups, happy exemplars with less range in pitch were rated as less emotionally intense, recognizable, and authentically happy by listeners; slower speech rate was associated with opposite perceptual ratings. However, listeners’ ratings did not differ by depression group as a whole. Results suggest that a history of depression may influence maternal vocal expression of happiness, but that its impact on listeners’ perceptions may depend on mothers’ idiosyncratic use of acoustic cues.

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Pitch is the perceptual correlate of fundamental frequency (F0); in the voice, this is the frequency at which vocal folds vibrate when speakers produce speech (Lee & Humes, 2012). We refer to measures of F0 as pitch for ease of interpretation.

Pitch measures were obtained across the entirety of the waveform using autocorrelation, time step = 0.0 s, pitch floor = 75 Hz, pitch ceiling = 600 Hz (to apply to higher-pitched voices). Intensity measures were also obtained across the whole waveform, minimum pitch setting = 100 Hz, time step = 0.0 s.

To ensure that normalizing procedures did not obscure individual differences relevant to maternal history of depression, we recomputed analyses using raw (non-normalized values). All results were identical to those presented in text.

The R equation was as follows: lmer(AcousticCue ~ 1 + DepressionGroup*Emotion + Sentence + (1 | SpeakerID) + (1 | SpeakerID:Emotion).

The R equation was as follows: lmer(Rating ~ 1 + DepressionGroup*Emotion + (1 | SpeakerID) + (1 | ListenerID).

Including current BDI scores as a covariate did not alter the findings presented in text. However, BDI scores and depression group membership were highly correlated (Spearman’s ρ = .65, p < .001). To avoid issues with multicollinearity, we therefore fit alternative models for the analyses in Sections "Listeners’ perceptions of emotional recordings" and "Perceptual correlates of acoustic characteristics", in which BDI scores were used as a predictor instead of depression group. The effects of emotion type on acoustic cues remain significant; however, there are no main effects of speakers’ depression symptom scores nor interactions with emotion type (all ps > .07) on acoustic cues. Similarly, speakers’ BDI scores were not associated with listeners’ accuracy or ratings of their recordings (all ps > .38).

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Titel: Vocal Emotional Expressions in Mothers with and without a History of Major Depressive Disorder
verfasst von: Emma Ilyaz
Xin Feng
Xiaoxue Fu
Eric E. Nelson
Michele Morningstar
Publikationsdatum: 25.04.2024
Verlag: Springer US
Erschienen in: Journal of Nonverbal Behavior
Print ISSN: 0191-5886
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-3653
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-024-00462-z