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2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Resilienz von Raumfahrtsystemen – Grundsätze und Praxis

verfasst von : Regina Peldszus

Erschienen in: Strategischer Wettbewerb im Weltraum

Verlag: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

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Zusammenfassung

Angesichts der zunehmenden Komplexität des Weltraumumfelds hat sich die Resilienz zu einem allgegenwärtigen Konzept in der heutigen Weltraumsicherheit entwickelt. Dieses Kapitel gibt einen Überblick über die Grundsätze und die Praxis der Resilienz von Weltraumsystemen und -operationen. Es betrachtet das entstehende Feld aus zwei unterschiedlichen, aber komplementären Blickwinkeln: Missionssicherheit und Abschreckung sowie hohe Zuverlässigkeit und Resilienztechnik. Das Kapitel stützt sich auf zeitgenössische Überlegungen aus ziviler und militärischer Sicht und stellt Resilienz als einen eigenständigen, aber formbaren Begriff an der Schnittstelle von Weltraumsicherheit und -schutz dar und hebt spezielle Bereiche hervor, die für politische Entscheidungsträger, Systemanalytiker und Betreiber von Interesse sind.

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Fußnoten
1
Vgl. Pace, Scott. 2015. Security in space. Space Policy. 33 (2): 51–55.
 
2
Vgl. Perrow, Charles. 2007. The next catastrophe: reducing our vulnerabilities to natural, industrial, and terrorist disasters. Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press.
 
3
Vgl. Haimes, Yacov Y. 2009. On the definition of resilience in systems. Risk Analysis. 29 (4): 498–501; Air Force Space Command. 2016. Resiliency and disaggregated space architectures: a white paper.
 
4
Vgl. Haimes (2009).
 
5
Nachrichtendienstlicher Verbund Australien, Kanada, Neuseeland, Großbritannien, Vereinigte Staaten.
 
6
Arnold, David Christopher; Hays Peter L. 2013. Strategy and the security space enterprise. In: Space strategy in the 21st century: theory and policy. Hrsg. Sadeh, Eligar. 120–158. London: Routledge, London, S. 121.
 
7
Office of the President of the United States. 2010. National Space Policy of the United States of America, 28. Juni, S. 9.
 
8
Vgl. Pawlikowski, Ellen; Loverro, Doug; Cristler, Tim. 2012. Space: disruptive challenges, new opportunities and new strategies. Strategic Studies Quarterly. 6 (1): 27–54.
 
9
US Department of Defense. 2012. Directive 3100.10: Space Policy. Incorporating Change 1, Effective November 4, 2016, S. 4, 14.
 
10
Vgl. ebd.
 
11
Johnson-Freese, Joan. 2016. Space Warfare in the 21st Century: Arming the Heavens. NewYork: Routledge.
 
12
Ministry of Innovation, Science and Economic Development. 2019. A New Space Strategy for Canada, S. 16; HM Government. 2015. National Space Policy.
 
13
Vgl. HM Government (2015); HM Government. 2014. National Space Security Policy.
 
14
Vgl. HM Government (2014), S. 4.
 
15
Ebd.
 
16
Vgl. Robinson, Jana et al. 2018. Europe’s preparedness to respond to space hybrid operations. Prague Security Studies Institute. PSSI Report; European Space Policy Institute. 2018. Security in outer space: rising stakes in Europe. Report 64; Pellegrino, Massimo; Stang, Gerald. 2016. Space security for Europe. EU Institute for Security Studies. Report No. 29, S. 8.
 
17
Vgl. Ministère des Armées. 2019. Stratégie Spatiale de Défense. Rapport du groupe de travail „Espace“; Parly, Florence. 2018. Espace et défense. Discours de Mme Florence Parly, ministre des armées, le 7 septembre 2018. Ministère des Armées. https://​www.​defense.​gouv.​fr/​actualites/​articles/​direct-florence-parly-s-exprime-sur-les-enjeux-de-l-espace-pour-la-defense.
 
18
Vgl. Bundesministerium der Verteidigung. 2016. Weissbuch zur Sicherheitspolitik und Zukunft der Bundeswehr. S. 58, 60.
 
19
Vgl. European Commission. 2016. A space strategy for Europe. COM/2016/0705 final.
 
20
Vgl. ebd., S. 8 f.
 
21
Vgl. Pellegrino und Stang (2016).
 
22
Vgl. Europäischer Rat. 2022. Ein strategischer Kompass für Sicherheit und Verteidigung. https://​data.​consilium.​europa.​eu/​doc/​document/​ST-7371-2022-INIT/​de/​pdf. Vgl ebenfalls die 2023 veröffentlichte EU-Strategie für Sicherheit und Verteidigung im Weltraum sowie Borrell, Josep. 2023. European Space Conference: Opening speech by High Representative/Vice-President Josep Borrell, 24. Januar. European Union External Action. https://​www.​eeas.​europa.​eu/​eeas/​european-space-conference-opening-speech-high-representativevi​ce-president-josep-borrell_​en.
 
23
Vgl. Bendiek, Annegret. 2017. A paradigm shift in the EU’s common foreign and security policy: from transformation to resilience. SWP Research Paper. RP 11, S. 14.
 
24
Vgl. Prior, Tim. 2017. NATO: pushing the boundaries for resilience. Center for Security Studies. CSS Analysis in Security Policy. No. 213.
 
25
Vgl. Office of the Assistance Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense & Global Security. 2015. Space Domain Mission Assurance: A Resilience Taxonomy. A White Paper.
 
26
Vgl. ebd., S. 3 f.
 
27
Office of the Assistance Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense & Global Security (2015), S. 2.
 
28
Vgl. Air Force Space Command (2016).
 
29
Office of the Assistance Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense & Global Security (2015), S. 3.
 
30
Vgl. Perrow (2007), S. 6, 261.
 
31
Vgl. Pawlikowski et al. (2012).
 
32
Vgl. Johnson-Freese (2016), S. 171; McLeod, Gary. et al. 2016. Enhancing Space Resilience Through Non-Material Means. RAND Corporation, S. xii.
 
33
Vgl. Office of the Assistance Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense & Global Security (2015).
 
34
Ebd., S. 8.
 
35
Vgl. US Department of Defense; Office of the Director of National Intelligence. 2011. National Security Space Strategy: Unclassified Summary.
 
36
Office of the Assistance Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense & Global Security (2015), S. 8.
 
37
Vgl. Jakhu, Ram S.; Pelton, Joseph N. 2017. Global Space Governance: An International Study. NewYork: Springer, S. 296.
 
38
Vgl. Pawlikowski et al. (2012), S. 47.
 
39
Vgl. Aerospace. 2018. Resilience for space systems: concepts, tools and approaches (ATR-2017-02226). Washington, DC: Aerospace Corporation.
 
40
Vgl. US Department of Defense. 2011. Fact sheet: resilience of space capabilities.
 
41
Vgl. McLeod et al. (2016).
 
42
Vgl. Perrow (2007).
 
43
Vgl. Haavik, Torgeir K. et al. 2019. HRO und RE: a pragmatic perspective. Safety Science. 117: 479–489.
 
44
Dekker, Sidney. 2012. Just culture: balancing safety and accountability, 2. Aufl. Burlington: Ashgate; US Department of Defense (2011).
 
45
Weick, Karl E.; Sutcliffe, Kathleen M. 2001. Managing the unexpected: assuring high performance in an age of complexity. New York: Wiley, S. 9–14.
 
46
Vgl. Leveson, Nancy G. 2012. Engineering a Safer World: Systems Thinking Applied to Safety. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Hollnagel, Erik; Nemeth, Cristopher P.; Dekker, Sidney. 2008. Remaining sensitive to the possibility of failure. Resilience engineering perspectives, Volume 1. Burlington: Ashgate.
 
47
Dekker, Sidney. 2005. Ten questions about human error: a new view of human factors and system safety. New York: CRC Press.
 
48
Reason, James T. 2008. The Human Contribution: Unsafe Acts, Accidents and Heroic Recoveries. Farnham: Ashgate, S. 8.
 
49
Vgl. Hollnagel et al. (2008).
 
50
Vgl. Hollnagel, Erik; Woods, David D.; Leveson, Nancy. 2006. Resilience Engineering: concepts and precepts. Burlington: Ashgate.
 
51
Vgl. Dekker (2012).
 
52
Vgl. Reason (2008).
 
53
Vgl. Dekker. (2005), S. 12 f.
 
54
Vgl. Hollnagel et al. (2008).
 
55
Vgl. ebd.
 
56
Vgl. Leveson (2012), S. 42.
 
57
Vgl. Hollnagel et al. (2008).
 
58
Vgl. McLeod et al. (2016); Peldszus, Regina. 2015. The Human Element and System Resilience at the European Space Operations Centre. AMCO-TN-0006 und AMCO-TN-00011. ESOC. Internal Report.
 
59
Vgl. McLeod et al. (2016).
 
60
Vgl. Haimes (2009).
 
61
Vgl. Pellegrino und Stang (2016), S. 9.
 
62
Vgl. McCormick, Patricia K. 2013. Space debris: Conjunction opportunities and opportunities for international cooperation. Science and Public Policy. 40 (6): 801–813.
 
63
Vgl. Jakhu und Pelton (2017), S. 269.
 
64
Vgl. Defense Science Board. 2017. Task Force on Defense Strategies for Ensuring the Resilience of National Space Capabilities. Office of the Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics.
 
65
Vgl. US Department of Defense (2012), S. 14.
 
66
Vgl. Pawlikowski et al. (2012).
 
67
Vgl. Healey, Mark P.; Hodgkinson, Gerard P. 2008. Troubling futures: scenarios and scenario planning for organizational decision making. In: The Oxford handbook of organizational decision making. Hrsg. Hodgkinson, Gerard P.; Starbuck, William H. 565–585. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 
68
Vgl. Peldszus, Regina. 2018. Foresight methods for multilateral collaboration in space situational awareness (SSA) policy and operations. Journal of Space Safety Engineering. 5 (2): 115–120.
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Aerospace. 2018. Resilience for space systems: concepts, tools and approaches (ATR-2017-02226). Washington, DC: Aerospace Corporation. Aerospace. 2018. Resilience for space systems: concepts, tools and approaches (ATR-2017-02226). Washington, DC: Aerospace Corporation.
Zurück zum Zitat Air Force Space Command. 2016. Resiliency and disaggregated space architectures: a white paper. Air Force Space Command. 2016. Resiliency and disaggregated space architectures: a white paper.
Zurück zum Zitat Arnold, David Christopher; Hays Peter L. 2013. Strategy and the security space enterprise. In: Space strategy in the 21st century: theory and policy. Hrsg. Sadeh, Eligar. 120–158. London: Routledge, London. Arnold, David Christopher; Hays Peter L. 2013. Strategy and the security space enterprise. In: Space strategy in the 21st century: theory and policy. Hrsg. Sadeh, Eligar. 120–158. London: Routledge, London.
Zurück zum Zitat Bendiek, Annegret. 2017. A paradigm shift in the EU’s common foreign and security policy: from transformation to resilience. SWP Research Paper. RP 11. Bendiek, Annegret. 2017. A paradigm shift in the EU’s common foreign and security policy: from transformation to resilience. SWP Research Paper. RP 11.
Zurück zum Zitat Bundesministerium der Verteidigung. 2016. Weissbuch zur Sicherheitspolitik und Zukunft der Bundeswehr. Bundesministerium der Verteidigung. 2016. Weissbuch zur Sicherheitspolitik und Zukunft der Bundeswehr.
Zurück zum Zitat Defense Science Board. 2017. Task Force on Defense Strategies for Ensuring the Resilience of National Space Capabilities. Office of the Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics. Defense Science Board. 2017. Task Force on Defense Strategies for Ensuring the Resilience of National Space Capabilities. Office of the Secretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology and Logistics.
Zurück zum Zitat Dekker, Sidney. 2005. Ten questions about human error: a new view of human factors and system safety. New York: CRC Press. Dekker, Sidney. 2005. Ten questions about human error: a new view of human factors and system safety. New York: CRC Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Dekker, Sidney. 2012. Just culture: balancing safety and accountability, 2. Aufl. Burlington: Ashgate. Dekker, Sidney. 2012. Just culture: balancing safety and accountability, 2. Aufl. Burlington: Ashgate.
Zurück zum Zitat European Commission. 2016. A space strategy for Europe. COM/2016/0705 final. European Commission. 2016. A space strategy for Europe. COM/2016/0705 final.
Zurück zum Zitat European Space Policy Institute. 2018. Security in outer space: rising stakes in Europe. Report 64. European Space Policy Institute. 2018. Security in outer space: rising stakes in Europe. Report 64.
Zurück zum Zitat Haavik, Torgeir K. et al. 2019. HRO und RE: a pragmatic perspective. Safety Science. 117: 479–489.CrossRef Haavik, Torgeir K. et al. 2019. HRO und RE: a pragmatic perspective. Safety Science. 117: 479–489.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Haimes, Yacov Y. 2009. On the definition of resilience in systems. Risk Analysis. 29 (4): 498–501.CrossRef Haimes, Yacov Y. 2009. On the definition of resilience in systems. Risk Analysis. 29 (4): 498–501.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Healey, Mark P.; Hodgkinson, Gerard P. 2008. Troubling futures: scenarios and scenario planning for organizational decision making. In: The Oxford handbook of organizational decision making. Hrsg. Hodgkinson, Gerard P.; Starbuck, William H. 565–585. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Healey, Mark P.; Hodgkinson, Gerard P. 2008. Troubling futures: scenarios and scenario planning for organizational decision making. In: The Oxford handbook of organizational decision making. Hrsg. Hodgkinson, Gerard P.; Starbuck, William H. 565–585. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat HM Government. 2014. National Space Security Policy. HM Government. 2014. National Space Security Policy.
Zurück zum Zitat HM Government. 2015. National Space Policy. HM Government. 2015. National Space Policy.
Zurück zum Zitat Hollnagel, Erik; Nemeth, Cristopher P.; Dekker, Sidney. 2008. Remaining sensitive to the possibility of failure. Resilience engineering perspectives, Volume 1. Burlington: Ashgate. Hollnagel, Erik; Nemeth, Cristopher P.; Dekker, Sidney. 2008. Remaining sensitive to the possibility of failure. Resilience engineering perspectives, Volume 1. Burlington: Ashgate.
Zurück zum Zitat Hollnagel, Erik; Woods, David D.; Leveson, Nancy. 2006. Resilience Engineering: concepts and precepts. Burlington: Ashgate. Hollnagel, Erik; Woods, David D.; Leveson, Nancy. 2006. Resilience Engineering: concepts and precepts. Burlington: Ashgate.
Zurück zum Zitat Jakhu, Ram S.; Pelton, Joseph N. 2017. Global Space Governance: An International Study. NewYork: Springer.CrossRef Jakhu, Ram S.; Pelton, Joseph N. 2017. Global Space Governance: An International Study. NewYork: Springer.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson-Freese, Joan. 2016. Space Warfare in the 21st Century: Arming the Heavens. NewYork: Routledge.CrossRef Johnson-Freese, Joan. 2016. Space Warfare in the 21st Century: Arming the Heavens. NewYork: Routledge.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Leveson, Nancy G. 2012. Engineering a Safer World: Systems Thinking Applied to Safety. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRef Leveson, Nancy G. 2012. Engineering a Safer World: Systems Thinking Applied to Safety. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat McCormick, Patricia K. 2013. Space debris: Conjunction opportunities and opportunities for international cooperation. Science and Public Policy. 40 (6): 801–813.CrossRef McCormick, Patricia K. 2013. Space debris: Conjunction opportunities and opportunities for international cooperation. Science and Public Policy. 40 (6): 801–813.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat McLeod, Gary. et al. 2016. Enhancing Space Resilience Through Non-Material Means. RAND Corporation. McLeod, Gary. et al. 2016. Enhancing Space Resilience Through Non-Material Means. RAND Corporation.
Zurück zum Zitat Ministère des Armées. 2019. Stratégie Spatiale de Défense. Rapport du groupe de travail “Espace”. Ministère des Armées. 2019. Stratégie Spatiale de Défense. Rapport du groupe de travail “Espace”.
Zurück zum Zitat Ministry of Innovation, Science and Economic Development. 2019. A New Space Strategy for Canada. Ministry of Innovation, Science and Economic Development. 2019. A New Space Strategy for Canada.
Zurück zum Zitat Office of the Assistance Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense & Global Security. 2015. Space Domain Mission Assurance: A Resilience Taxonomy. A White Paper. Office of the Assistance Secretary of Defense for Homeland Defense & Global Security. 2015. Space Domain Mission Assurance: A Resilience Taxonomy. A White Paper.
Zurück zum Zitat Office of the President of the United States. 2010. National Space Policy of the United States of America, 28. Juni. Office of the President of the United States. 2010. National Space Policy of the United States of America, 28. Juni.
Zurück zum Zitat Pawlikowski, Ellen; Loverro, Doug; Cristler, Tim. 2012. Space: disruptive challenges, new opportunities and new strategies. Strategic Studies Quarterly. 6 (1): 27–54. Pawlikowski, Ellen; Loverro, Doug; Cristler, Tim. 2012. Space: disruptive challenges, new opportunities and new strategies. Strategic Studies Quarterly. 6 (1): 27–54.
Zurück zum Zitat Peldszus, Regina. 2015. The Human Element and System Resilience at the European Space Operations Centre. AMCO-TN-0006 und AMCO-TN-00011. ESOC. Internal Report. Peldszus, Regina. 2015. The Human Element and System Resilience at the European Space Operations Centre. AMCO-TN-0006 und AMCO-TN-00011. ESOC. Internal Report.
Zurück zum Zitat Peldszus, Regina. 2018. Foresight methods for multilateral collaboration in space situational awareness (SSA) policy and operations. Journal of Space Safety Engineering. 5 (2): 115–120.CrossRef Peldszus, Regina. 2018. Foresight methods for multilateral collaboration in space situational awareness (SSA) policy and operations. Journal of Space Safety Engineering. 5 (2): 115–120.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pellegrino, Massimo; Stang, Gerald. 2016. Space security for Europe. EU Institute for Security Studies. Report No. 29. Pellegrino, Massimo; Stang, Gerald. 2016. Space security for Europe. EU Institute for Security Studies. Report No. 29.
Zurück zum Zitat Perrow, Charles. 2007. The next catastrophe: reducing our vulnerabilities to natural, industrial, and terrorist disasters. Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press. Perrow, Charles. 2007. The next catastrophe: reducing our vulnerabilities to natural, industrial, and terrorist disasters. Princeton/Oxford: Princeton University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Prior, Tim. 2017. NATO: pushing the boundaries for resilience. Center for Security Studies. CSS Analysis in Security Policy. No. 213. Prior, Tim. 2017. NATO: pushing the boundaries for resilience. Center for Security Studies. CSS Analysis in Security Policy. No. 213.
Zurück zum Zitat Reason, James T. 2008. The Human Contribution: Unsafe Acts, Accidents and Heroic Recoveries. Farnham: Ashgate. Reason, James T. 2008. The Human Contribution: Unsafe Acts, Accidents and Heroic Recoveries. Farnham: Ashgate.
Zurück zum Zitat Robinson, Jana et al. 2018. Europe’s preparedness to respond to space hybrid operations. Prague Security Studies Institute. PSSI Report. Robinson, Jana et al. 2018. Europe’s preparedness to respond to space hybrid operations. Prague Security Studies Institute. PSSI Report.
Zurück zum Zitat US Department of Defense. 2011. Fact sheet: resilience of space capabilities. US Department of Defense. 2011. Fact sheet: resilience of space capabilities.
Zurück zum Zitat US Department of Defense. 2012. Directive 3100.10: Space Policy. Incorporating Change 1, Effective November 4, 2016. US Department of Defense. 2012. Directive 3100.10: Space Policy. Incorporating Change 1, Effective November 4, 2016.
Zurück zum Zitat US Department of Defense; Office of the Director of National Intelligence. 2011. National Security Space Strategy: Unclassified Summary. US Department of Defense; Office of the Director of National Intelligence. 2011. National Security Space Strategy: Unclassified Summary.
Zurück zum Zitat Weick, Karl E.; Sutcliffe, Kathleen M. 2001. Managing the unexpected: assuring high performance in an age of complexity. New York: Wiley. Weick, Karl E.; Sutcliffe, Kathleen M. 2001. Managing the unexpected: assuring high performance in an age of complexity. New York: Wiley.
Metadaten
Titel
Resilienz von Raumfahrtsystemen – Grundsätze und Praxis
verfasst von
Regina Peldszus
Copyright-Jahr
2024
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-42602-6_23

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