Proceedings of the 2nd International Workshop on Advances in Civil Aviation Systems Development

Methods of vehicle navigation have been developing rapidly throughout the long history of aviation. Positioning is an important component of airplane navigation process. Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) principle is basic for civil aviation. PBN considers airplane location as an area of uncertainty based on a confidence band of 95%. Area of uncertainty has an ellipsoidal shape. Global spatial indexing systems use a global grid with a unique index of each cell, which could be zoomed for a particular level of precision. An Open Location Code (OLC) grounds on square cell. Hexagonal Hierarchical Spatial Index (H3) uses a combination of hexagons and pentagons to till the ellipsoidal surface of Earth. Nowadays spatial indexing proposes rich possibilities for addressing, data visualization, and navigation as well. In this paper we consider application of global spatial indexing for airplane flight path representation. An algorithm for coding airplane trajectory to OLC has been given. In numerical study airplane trajectory obtained under Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) has been used for coding by OLC and H3 of different precision levels. Levels of precision that meets uncertainty area associated with airplane trajectory have been identified for both coding systems.

Nowadays global spatial indexes provide reach features for geographic data analysis. A variety of standards of spatial indexes with global coverage provide computational cheap processing and visualization of data associated with latitude and longitude. In the paper we consider potential benefits of Hierarchical Hexagonal Spatial Index (H3) implementation to support air traffic management (ATM). H3 could be useful in automatic data processing algorithms for representation of airspace, particular zones, and sectors of airspace with different shape complexity. Hierarchical hexagonal cell provides different levels of precision which could be associated with an area of uncertainty in positioning system used on board airplanes. Airspace users could be associated with a particular cell of geospatial index. H3 could be a complete environment to support ATM on the basis of aviation safety, which is required for the wide implementation of free route airspace globally. An airplane trajectory obtained by Automatic dependent Surveillance-broadcast technique has been classified to use different parts of airspace during departure from UKBB International airport based on a hexagonal representation of airspace user and airspace elements.

Modern aviation system operation is based on advanced technologies that allow to obtaining of crucial flight information in real-time. Systems of air navigation support share different data with all air space users to ensure the safety of air transportation. It plays an important role in operative flight trajectory correction when hazardous areas are detected along the pre-planned flight trajectory. However, this data may be unavailable at the stage of flight planning. In this paper, we consider weather-related hazards that influence the flight during the en-route flight phase. Also, we consider potential of modern information systems to obtain and share operative meteorological information as well as to use this information for in-flight trajectory correction. The Bellman algorithm was chosen to calculate the shortest part taking into account the operatively detected hazards. The simulation of trajectory correction taking into account different weather situation in the same area is done and results of simulation are discussed.

Accurate altitude estimation is a critical aspect of small aircraft system operational efficiency and design. This research studies pressure sensors and methods that could improve the accuracy of altitude data for small aircraft applications. Digital pressure sensors BMP180 and BMP280 have been used for data fusion. Altitude data derived from disparate sources have less uncertainty than if they were used individually. Despite the benefits of sensor fusion of the BMP180 and BMP280 sensors themselves, their sensitivity to noise presents a significant challenge requiring noise reduction strategies, such as filtering techniques. Standard Kalman filter (SKF) has been used for enhancing altitude data accuracy due to its robust real-time processing and ability to control linear systems noise. SKF reduces noise, increasing height measurement accuracy. The proposed methodology was substantiated through the integration of sensor fusion, on an Arduino Uno platform. Also, we consider application of these pressure sensors with SKF data processing in the altitude control systems of airplanes.

The purpose of this paper is the development of a suitable information technology for identifying the model of the dynamics of a multidimensional moving object and the disturbances affecting it during operation, based on the data of vectors of control signals and signals at the output of the object, aimed at increasing the reliability of obtaining calculation results. The Stateflow Matlab application was used to create the information technology of identification. A distinctive feature of information technology is the increased accuracy and reliability of performing calculations, which are achieved due to introduction of a new approach to the factorization of polynomial matrices, improvement of algorithms for multiplying polynomial, fractional-rational matrices, respectively, to reduce the loss of true significant figures due to ordering and ranking of elementary operands. To illustrate the operation of information technology, a multidimensional moving object was chosen a spatial mechanism of parallel kinematic structure based on the Stewart platform. Such mechanisms can be used as simulators for aircraft, such as the A320 and Mi-17-1V, as well as a platform for dynamic testing or calibration of inertial navigation systems. On the basis of the developed information technology of identification for the mechanism based on Stewart platform, its transfer function was determined, as well as the transfer function of the shaping filter, which, in the input signal in the form of white noise, has a random process with given statistical characteristics at the output.

This paper deals with developing the mathematical description of the system for stabilization of the aviation equipment. The set of equations describing separate units of the above-mentioned system is proposed. The united model of the stabilization object and motor is represented. The features of mounting the stabilization system with payload on the moving vehicle are described. The nonlinearities inherent in real moving vehicles are taken into consideration. Features of the united model of the electric motor are listed. The elastic connection between the stabilization object and the electric motor and the drive backlashes are taken into consideration in the mathematical model. The influence of the hysteresis in the model of the gyroscopic tachometer is mathematically described. The block diagram of the mathematical model is represented. The control law is proposed. Simulation of transient processes of the control system synthesized using the developed mathematical model has been carried out. The simulation results are represented. The obtained results can be useful for designing stabilization systems of the wide class.

Insufficient knowledge about the object being modeled and the conditions of its functioning poses a challenge in mathematical and computer modeling of dynamic systems. To address this issue, a proposed solution involves combining the strengths of theoretical and neural network modeling. By employing this approach, the performance is showcased through the simulation of a civil aircraft’s motion. The theory of building a hierarchical-correlation neural network is developed. It includes the solution of problems of structural and parametric synthesis, which are based on precise mathematical models, algorithms, and programs for calculating aerodynamic, energy, temperature characteristics, take-off mass, stability and controllability, and efficiency indicators. This method belongs to the category of synergistic networks. The network starts with only input and output neurons. In the learning process, neurons are selected from the pool of candidates and added to the hidden layer. The hierarchical-correlation method of building an adaptive neural network has a number of advantages over multilayer perceptron networks.

The results of the research on the detection of meaconing spoofing or intentional interference of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals at the initial stage when the user enters the area of the indicated interference are presented. The research was carried out using an experimental simulation model (prototype) of the effects of GNSS/GPS signal spoofing. The prototype included a dual frequency GNSS receiver, two antennas, a combiner and attenuator, a computer for accumulation of measurement information. The impact of spoofing was analyzed using the output measurement information of the receiver. During the experiment, the signals from the first antenna were fed to the input of the receiver through a combiner. After 75 min of observation, the input of the receiver was fed with satellite signals from the second antenna. The amplitudes of the signals from both antennas did not differ much, which can be characterized as the effect of intentional interference or spoofing attack at the initial stage. The receiver output data were recorded, processed and analyzed. The results of the whole experiment have been analyzed. It was found that the main criteria for the presence of interference/spoofing are the signal-to-noise ratio, code and phase pseudorange differences, which change significantly and rapidly. The additional criteria can be the pseudorange standard deviations and a multiple increase of the positioning errors. The data obtained make it possible to indicate the influence of spoofing and to recommend switching to alternative navigational aids.

Nowadays Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been used in a variety of applications, however number of interference actions on the frequency band of GNSS has increased rapidly during the last decades. Research of GNSS resistance methods to interference arose in the late 1990s. This became evident when the first prototypes of jammers targeting GNSS were available in the market. This situation persisted until the suppression of electronic warfare systems was achieved. Currently, available jamming equipment can almost entirely nullify the effectiveness of weaponry and military equipment utilizing GNSS signals. The problem is also arising with multiple privacy protection devices, basic jammers, and GNSS transmitters available at low cost, as the use of such devices leads to unintentional disruption of GNSS signals. Interference and GNSS spoofing are periodically observed in different Flight Information Regions, especially in conflict zones and areas of increased tension. Their impact on aircraft and ground systems is a potential risk to the safety of civil aviation. The paper presents the results of experimental research on impact of intentional interference on multi-GNSS receivers of satellite navigation systems GPS, Glonass, Galileo, Beidou, QZSS.

The paper presents the results of forming a current almanac of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) in Yuma format. This type of format use in various scenarios focused on simulating availability, geometrical dilution of precision (GDOP) and positional navigation system precision when using Galileo, GPS, Beidou systems standalone and all together inside a multi-system GNSS constellation. The Yuma format was originally used for analyzing and simulating the orbit of the GPS system, and there is a large amount of software available for analyzing the availability of satellite navigation systems based on data in this format. Due to the lack of almanacs in the Yuma format for most satellite navigation systems, specialized software was used in the research to convert data into a unified format. The evaluated availability and accuracy are important performances of GNSS that provides global coverage of signals for positioning, navigation and timing (PNT). These performances depend on structure of space segment which is number of satellite systems provide transmitting of navigation signals. The better level of PNT can be achieved by receiving data from all available systems and augmentations such as Wide Area Augmentation System, European Geostationary Over-lay Service, Indian Regional Satellite Navigation System and Qazi-Zenith Satellite System.

This paper introduces the Split-Beam model, developed to simulate ionospheric scintillation effects on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The model dissects a radio signal into two components upon encountering ionospheric irregularities, cooperatively contributing to amplitude and phase scintillation. Through Monte Carlo simulations and scintillated GNSS RF signal simulation the model demonstrates its capability to replicate the empirical distribution of signal amplitudes, closely aligning with the Nakagami-m distribution, and the behavior of the receiver tracking loops tracking scintillated live satellite signal. Leveraging a combination of off-the-shelf and in-house instruments, our approach integrates readily available technologies with highly customizable instruments. The Split-Beam model addresses the limitations of traditional weak scattering models, particularly in deriving and explaining the Nakagami-m distribution and cross-correlation properties of real data. This paper also presents a variation of the Split-Beam model, employing geometrical optics to provide insights into the physical processes underlying scintillation and allow for realistic simulation of the scintillated RF signal in GNSS signal simulator. The application of the model extends to areas including ionospheric tomography, radio wave propagation, wireless communications, and remote sensing. By accurately modeling the scattering and attenuation effects in ionospheric scintillation, the Split-Beam model offers a methodological approach for signal analysis in GNSS and related fields. This work provides a foundation for improved understanding and simulation of ionospheric scintillation, contributing to the advancement of signal processing in atmospheric and astrophysical research.

In the evolving landscape of global navigation, the strategic integration of Regional Navigation Satellite Systems (RNSS) like Japan’s QZSS and India’s NavIC is imperative for enhancing civil aviation. This paper presents a comprehensive examination of the potential of RNSS to serve as reliable navigational aids, addressing the unique challenges and requirements of regional and international flight operations. It elucidates the significance of orbital configurations, such as Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO), Highly Elliptical Orbits (HEO) and Inclined Geosynchronous Orbit (IGSO), and their implications for satellite coverage, signal availability, and positional accuracy. Furthermore, the study delves into the specifics of Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) for RNSS, ensuring the reliability and integrity of navigational data, a prerequisite for safe aviation practices. Through a simulated test flight from Tokyo to Delhi, employing Agile SDR Platform, which encapsulates GNSS receiver ARAMIS and state-of-the-art GNSS RF simulator Replicator, the research validates the operational efficacy of RNSS. It emphasizes the necessity of multi-system integration, robust satellite signal processing, and adherence to stringent accuracy requirements in diverse flight phases. The paper advocates for continued innovation, international collaboration, and policy harmonization to fully harness the potential of RNSS. By fostering the development and integration of RNSS, the paper contributes to envisioning a future where civil aviation is characterized by heightened safety, operational efficiency, and global interconnectedness.

The novel latitude determination method on the fixed base is presented. The method uses the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The IMU comprises accelerometers, gyroscopes, and a signal-processing circuit. Two new expressions for autonomous latitude determination of a location for a fixed base are obtained. Along with the previously obtained expression, there are only three complete analytical expressions for determining latitude. This makes it possible to determine latitude in three ways. Triple counting undoubtedly improves the reliability of latitude calculations. The constant tilt of the IMU relative to the horizon plane, as well as the deviation of the IMU in azimuth, does not affect the determination of the initial latitude of the location. A full error model of the latitude determination method is developed. It is assumed that the latitude determination error depends on errors of gyroscopes and accelerometers and the difference between geocentric latitude, measured by GNSS, and geodetic latitude. The results of the calculation data are presented to demonstrate the performance of the new latitude determination method. Experiments have confirmed this method. The experiments have been provided on IMU with MEMS gyroscopes and accelerometers and wavelet de-noising of output signals.

The paper deals with engineering and cost specifications of Instrument Landing System (ILS) and GBAS Approach Service Type (GAST), which are used for precision approach in civil aviation. In the process of gradually replacing the ILS system with the GAST system, it is advisable to briefly consider all the factors that affect the decision regarding the scope and timing of the GAST implementation. The paper briefly deals with technical characteristics of systems, destabilizing effects on the systems accuracy, vulnerability to jamming and spoofing, and future benefits. Main advantages and drawbacks of the navigational systems are considered. The use of GAST-D (category II and III) gives an opportunity to change air traffic management procedures in order to increase runway throughput, which is important for busy airports, especially in low visibility conditions. Cost analysis includes only some items: equipment cost, airfield works connected with installation, maintenance, and flight inspection. Some examples from airports “Zhulyany” and “Boryspil” (Ukraine) are given.

This paper examines the peculiarities of aircraft piloting by the crew during the landing phase. Specifically, it focuses on investigating the issues related to the control mode of piloting an aircraft during the landing phase. The feasibility of implementing an onboard system to alert pilots about the advisability of initiating a go-around is substantiated. The paper proposes a functional scheme for such a system and develops a methodology for its operation. The uniqueness of the system lies in its utilization of only standard onboard equipment, serving as the source of primary input information. The flight data processing is carried out using the on-board avionics computer system. Analytical solutions in the system are formulated using a geometric model of probabilistic boundaries for the aircraft’s entry into the glide path. The model is represented as a three-axial ellipsoid, where the entry point into the glide path simultaneously serves as the center of the spatial coordinate system and the ellipsoid. The current aircraft position is determined in the coordinate system. Landing is considered hazardous if the aircraft deviates beyond the spatial boundaries of the ellipsoid. This implies that the aircraft’s deviation from the specified boundaries may lead to an unsuccessful landing. The primary objective of the developed system is to enhance the safety of flights during the landing phase, alleviate the psycho-physiological stress on pilots, and provide operational assistance to the crew in making the correct decision regarding whether to continue the landing or initiate a go-around.

From 1953 to 2009, the researchers recorded 129 incidents of aircraft hitting volcanic ash clouds. In nine cases, the damage was accompanied by the failure of the engine(s) during the flight. In such flight emergencies (FE), operational interaction between the pilot, air traffic controller, and search and rescue specialist is highly significant. Nevertheless, the interprofessional interaction of aviation specialists is currently not sufficiently developed for joint development and adoption of optimal decisions. Therefore, the development of effective Collaborative Decision Making (CDM) models by aviation specialists in FE is an actual problem. Multi-stage CDM modeling by the aviation specialists in FE with the gradual involvement of additional operators in decision-making is proposed. The decision tree, network graphics, and decision-making matrices for the aviation specialists are presented. Integration of CDM models allows moving from a complex to a simple CDM process by establishing unambiguity and synchronization of joint actions of operators at key points of multialternative interaction and minimizing potential risk/loss. A training example of CDM in FE “Loss of thrust on both engines due to falling into a cloud of volcanic ash with subsequent ditching” is presented. The optimal CDM based on the objective and subjective factors to follow of aviation specialist’s decisions by Wald, Laplace, and Hurwitz criteria is determined. After integrating stochastic and non-stochastic models, simplified deterministic CDM models in FE should be used in artificial or hybrid intelligence systems to obtain optimal collaborative solutions.

With the growing interest in deep learning technologies and empirical data confirming the effectiveness of neural networks in solving tasks, including signal detection problems, the effectiveness of neural networks under the influence of non-Gaussian interferences, a factor that significantly complicates the detection process, remains understudied. Thus, the paper considers the possibility of using neural network technologies to detect signals in scenarios characterized by complex non-Gaussian disturbances with inherent uncertainty in the probability distribution. The research carried out a synthesis and comparative analysis of two algorithms: a statistical adaptive algorithm and a neural network with Fourier transform, designed to ascertain a harmonic signal characterized by an undetermined phase against the background of interference, simulated using an autoregressive model, caused by non-Gaussian interference. According to the simulation results, implementing of neural network technologies for signal detection in the conditions of complex non-Gaussian interferences of the impulse type characterized by a priori uncertainty of probability distributions is characterized by high resistance to the effects of disturbances. However, the application of statistical procedures enables the synthesis of optimal algorithms, robust to intricate interference.

Nowadays, artificial intelligence tools are developing at a fast pace, improving their efficiency and productivity. Large volumes of data generated in various spheres of human activity have not become a problem for modern information technologies. The artificial intelligence tools use statistical theory, methods of machine and deep learning. These tools are the basis for obtaining new knowledge, decision-making, optimization, and are the main element of the well-known Industry 4.0 approach. Transport and logistics problems can also be solved with the help of artificial intelligence. Therefore, this paper focuses on researching the use of reinforcement learning to find the best vehicle route. The developed method consists of three elements: a nonparametric clustering procedure, Dijkstra’s algorithm and a method of accelerating calculations. In general, the proposed method is reduced to: 1) transformation of the original image of the map into a maze with the designation of permitted and prohibited passages; 2) determination of the fastest path from the starting point to the exit from the maze. The paper also contains the program realization for implementing the proposed method.

A self-organization machine learning technique for sustainable infocommunications within communications, navigation, and surveillance / air traffic management (CNS/ATM) systems is proposed in the paper. The proposed technique is based on the modification of the expectation-maximization algorithm with adding of components of Gaussian mixture model. The proposed technique allows for an unsupervised self-organization of system parameters into ranges (e.g., frequency bands and any other groups of homogenous parameters), which simplifies a general tuning of infocommunications for aeronautical purposes in dynamically changing conditions. The proposed technique uses a norm transformation filtering to restrict possible influence of outliers and anomalies in input system parameters. The feature that only observed input system parameters are required for all stages of data processing characterizes the proposed technique. Setting of initial parameters, stopping criteria for internal and external iterative machine learning processes, robustness and computational cost within the proposed technique are described and analyzed. An example of simulation of the proposed technique, which presents an unsupervised automatic clustering of the available radio spectrum recourse, is also shown in the paper.

One of the key tasks of ensuring the level of flight safety is providing a high reliability of radio electronic equipment. This equipment is designed to detect aircraft, determine their coordinates, and provide radio communication between the aircraft and the air traffic controller. The reliability of aviation radio equipment is determined at the stages of design and operation. At the same time, the main procedures include the following measures: the use of a highly reliable element base, the use of various types of redundancy of the structural components of the equipment, ensuring the efficiency of the main operational processes, and others. The processes that have a direct impact on the reliability of aviation radio equipment are monitoring and control of the technical condition, repair, making decisions on corrective and preventive actions based on collected statistical data, and others. This paper considers the problem of the repair procedures efficiency analysis, which includes the diagnostics and detection of failed structural units of equipment, restoration of serviceability, and measurement of diagnostic variables. Efficiency is considered from the point of view of minimizing the duration of repair procedures, their cost and labor intensity. In general, the method of calculating numerical values of efficiency indicators and their statistical characteristics is presented in the form of step-by-step instructions.

Telecommunication equipment in civil aviation is used for timely transmission of messages and useful information. This equipment performs the functions of establishing communication between the air traffic controller and the aircraft, ensuring the production activities of the airport or operating companies. Ensuring the reliability of the functioning of telecommunication equipment is a complex and sophisticated task, as it directly affects the risks of air navigation services, including the risks of catastrophic situation occurrence. Since modern equipment is developed according to the block and module principle, one of the ways to solve this problem is to plan the optimal quantity of spare parts for certain blocks, modules, nodes, and others. This optimization is usually multi-criteria and is performed on the basis of data on equipment failures and faults, available operating costs, requirements for recovery time. Sometimes the task is also complicated by the need for logistical analysis of spare part transportation. Taking into account the above, this paper is devoted to the development of a model of the procedure’s performance of serviceability recovery for the aviation telecommunication equipment in cases of available spare parts and the analysis of the efficiency of the proposed model. The paper contains both analytical calculations and the results of statistical modeling.

Among the most relevant issues of reliability is the assessment of the reliability of complex technical systems with a small number of observations. In practice, a situation often arises when an estimate of satisfactory accuracy can be obtained only at the end of tests or operation, when it loses its relevance. Then it is better to use methods of processing a small amount of data collected during preliminary tests, to obtain some estimates of reliability indicators, than to postpone the acceptance of more accurate estimates until a time when more reliable statistical material has been accumulated. The paper proposes an approach to the solution of the problem of constructing an estimate of the time of uptime using the theory of β-expected limits. The paper proposes to apply the theory of tolerance limits to determine the reliability of highly reliable samples of complex technical systems when using a failure model in the form of the Weibull distribution law. The choice of the Weibull distribution is due to its universality of use in the analysis of the reliability of mechanical, electronic and other systems. The paper provides examples of the use of the proposed methodology for calculating reliability indicators with a small number of failures. The lower tolerance limits of earnings per failure that correspond to the given level of probability are found. The obtained results are sufficient for making managerial decisions regarding the determination of reliability in the conditions discussed above.

The paper is devoted to optimization of business processes on the basis of their automation. The issue of managing data arrays and combining them into single databases is considered. When implementing the appropriate automated Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system, it is possible to successfully manage reducing the time for the flow of the main business processes. The study was carried out directly on the example of the business process “Cooperation with suppliers” of aviation enterprises, during which the basic requirements for an information system for interaction with suppliers were substantiated, including: general, functional and special business requirements. The general information model of the subsystem for managing interaction with suppliers of an aviation enterprise is presented and the standard business process of such interaction is characterized, indicating its main bottlenecks that delay the time of cooperation with suppliers. In order to form an idea about the business process “Cooperation with suppliers” of aviation enterprises, the author formalized a block diagram of this typical business process showing which of the processes are not basic and only burden and delay the implementation of the aviation enterprise’s interaction with suppliers, which need optimization. Introduction of CRM systems in the management of business processes of aviation enterprises can provide an economic effect by speeding up interaction with suppliers, freeing up extra employees by reducing the time for intermediate business processes of the “Cooperation with Suppliers” process, and reducing the use of paper carriers, which will lead to both economic and social benefits.

This paper delves into optimizing supply chain operations, with a special focus on the benefits and efficiencies of drone delivery systems. It highlights how drones can bypass congested road traffic and consume less energy compared to traditional transportation methods, thereby increasing delivery speeds and reducing operational costs. The paper provides comprehensive insights into fuel efficiency metrics and energy conservation strategies in transportation. Additionally, it discusses detailed mathematical models and optimization tasks that are designed to enhance the efficiency of these systems. The integration of GPS technology is also explored, emphasizing its role in improving the accuracy of drone deliveries. Furthermore, the paper touches on the use of experimental data analysis for evaluating system performance, with a particular focus on unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). This analysis is crucial for understanding and refining the capabilities of these systems. The paper concludes by highlighting the significant potential for cost savings and increased profitability for organizations that adopt innovative UAV technology in their supply chain management strategies, marking a shift towards more technologically advanced, efficient, and sustainable operations.

The internal and spiritual development of the country is significantly influenced by how well the educational system within higher technical education institutions can meet the demands of both society and individuals for high-quality educational services. However, the insufficient conceptual creation of the methodological foundations and mechanisms for aviation specialists’ professional training results in increasing contradictions concerning the objective needs of the labour market for qualified specialists capable of solving intricate professional tasks, thus contributing to their sustained self-development and professional growth. The current state of the labour market, both domestically and internationally, is characterized by the growing competition among aviation specialists, whose professional competence and commitment to continuous self-development and self-improvement are generally acknowledged as the benchmark for measuring competitiveness. The main contribution of the research is the development of technologies for system diagnostics of future aviation specialists’ readiness for sustained professional growth as well as social and professional mobility to become highly professional leaders with effective communication, critical thinking, teamwork skills, and creativity, – the qualities inherent to a modern specialist. Furthermore, the designed technology facilitates the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the effectiveness of aviation specialists’ training in higher technical education institutions.

The aviation industry plays an important role in the world economy. Shortly, thousands of highly experienced specialists will be required at the global level. Simulation training of aviation operators, including air traffic controllers, is an extremely important stage of professional training, which requires demonstrating the integration of several areas of knowledge and skills. The paper presents an approach in which a certain simulator is purposefully used for simulation a working environment, considering specific practical training tasks. For this purpose, it is proposed to use expert evaluation methods and fuzzy-logic methods for obtaining reliable results in the lack of accurate initial data and considering the uncertainty of information. For the evaluation of practical activities, it is proposed to use the multiplicative aggregation of the results of simulator training, which allows to conclude that the operator has captured the necessary knowledge and skills and acquired the necessary competencies under the training tasks. It is proposed to apply the outlined approaches to establishing the criteria for determining and using air traffic control simulators in the development of national technical standards for the evaluation of simulators for training air traffic controllers.

The paper presents analysis of time series usage for the evaluation of biological systems’ functioning with a specific emphasis on applications in aviation and human factors. Analysis of the functional state of aviation operators is an important component of aviation safety. The paper concentrates on the visualization of the functional activity and dynamics of the organism as a biological system based on time data. Through the employment of recurrent plots, the identification of properties and mechanisms inherent to the biological system generating these series is facilitated. Changes in the state of the biological system are discernible by analyzing the visual structures of these plots, both topological and structural, thereby diminishing the informational uncertainty regarding the state of the biological object and supplementing it with an informative component. The nature of processes occurring within the biological system is indicated by the appearance of the recurrent plots, revealing the presence and impact of noise, states’ repetition and stagnation (laminarity), and the occurrence of abrupt state changes (extreme events). The stability of entire biological system functioning is assessable through the variability of heart rate, employing retrospective data for forecasting purposes. The necessity for intelligent analysis of biomedical data, particularly heart rate variability, in aviation contexts, is underscored by this analysis. The results of this study, employing multi-axis recurrence methods for the analysis of signals (time series) from the human cardiovascular system, are elucidated, providing crucial insights into human factors in aviation safety and performance.

A small aircraft system requires innovations in the altitude control that take into account its physical size and weight constraints. To provide accurate altitude measurements, this study presents an integrated altitude monitoring system designed specifically for small aircraft. This system combines miniaturized sensors with the advanced data fusion and filtering algorithms such as Kalman filters. Based on the maximum likelihood estimation and extended Kalman filtering, the proposed system improves measurement accuracy over traditional methods taking into account the unique challenges and limitations posed by small aircraft systems. As a result of its compact size, the researched system can be used for smaller, lighter aircraft systems that often cannot accommodate larger and heavier systems. Experimental results have been conducted to validate the system’s effectiveness. The results of this study could have a significant impact on the design and operation of small aircraft by providing strategies for maintaining responsive and stable flight conditions.

This paper deals with researching the influence of vortex generators on the aircraft’s aerodynamic characteristics. The principle of operation of vortex generators is explained. The full characteristics of blowing models of profiles are given. The process of designing blowing models is described including technological features. Samples of models of vortex generators printed on a 3-D printer are shown. The algorithm for creating the shape of the volumetric vortex generator ensures its formalization. The process of developing the shape of the vortex generators is explained. The profile models were studied in the wind tunnel. Different angles of attack during these experiments were used. The interconnection between the intensity of the vortex generator and the angle of attack is explained. The results of researching the influence of vortex generators on the aerodynamic characteristics of the aircraft are represented. The graphical dependences of the influence of the turbulator and vortex generator on the aerodynamic characteristics of aircraft are given. The obtained experimental results can be useful for the aircraft of the wide class.

The paper deals with the development of theoretical backgrounds to design chaotic systems. These backgrounds are based on the use of coordinate transformations to represent system dynamics of known chaotic systems in various state spaces. The use of such an approach allows us to combine one state variable in different state spaces. In this case novel chaotic motions occur as result of changing inner system state variables. The main benefit of such an approach is a fact that if chaotic oscillations is generated in one state space then they occur in others too. This fact does not require to check Lyapunov exponents and other chaotic indicator for the transformed system. As a basis to perform coordinate transformation we consider defining series of Lie derivatives for the selected output state variable. Because of necessity to differentiate this variable one should consider chaotic system with differentiable nonlinearities. In case of the usage piecewise linear functions one should perform their smoothing by using various differentiable functions. The transformed chaotic system can be implemented in both continuous and discrete time domains by using various elements.