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Erschienen in:
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2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Law and the Governance of Artificial Intelligence

verfasst von : Andreas Moberg, Eduardo Gill-Pedro

Erschienen in: YSEC Yearbook of Socio-Economic Constitutions 2023

Verlag: Springer Nature Switzerland

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Abstract

The 2023 Yearbook of Socio-Economic Constitutions, dedicated to ‘Law and the Governance of Artificial Intelligence’, explores the timely and complex issues surrounding the emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The volume delves into the transformative potential of AI in various sectors such as law enforcement, healthcare, and recruitment, while also highlighting the growing global concern regarding the risks posed by AI. The contributors examine the evolving landscape of AI governance, discussing the challenges of regulating AI, the role of law as a governance tool, and the disruptive effects of AI on existing governance regimes. The volume scrutinizes the proposed EU AI Act and its implications, as well as the need to reconceptualize fundamental legal principles in response to AI advancements. Furthermore, it addresses the concentration of power among private corporations in AI development and the associated risks to individual rights and the rule of law. Ultimately, the volume underscores the crucial role of law in navigating the complexities of AI governance and calls for a nuanced understanding of the implications of AI for society.

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Nächstes Kapitel AI Regulation in the EU: The Future Interplay Between Frameworks
Fußnoten
1
Editorial ‘A Breakout Year for Artificial Intelligence’ Financial Times, 3 January 2023 https://​www.​ft.​com/​content/​1a329ad3-f696-4ee2-a730-2f8b700f15a1, See also Chui et al. (2023), Market Trends “Why 2023 is a Breakout Year for Generative AI” Analytics Insight, 6 January 2023. Available at: https://​www.​analyticsinsight​.​net/​why-2023-is-a-breakout-year-for-generative-ai/​ and and Sideco (2023).
 
2
Hu (2023).
 
3
For an updated table of startups deploying generative AI see https://​airtable.​com/​shrBeWpMlxf3e14E​8/​tblS4TkbJbm0cqT0​o.
 
4
Mackinsley Consultancy ‘State of AI’, p. 4.
 
5
Editorial, FT.
 
6
‘Pause AI Experiments: An Open Letter’ Future of Life Institute, 23 March 2023, available at: https://​futureoflife.​org/​open-letter/​pause-giant-ai-experiments/​.
 
7
Harari (2023).
 
8
‘Godfather of AI’ quits Google (https://​www.​youtube.​com/​watch?​v=​LWiM-LuRe6w&​t=​2s) and gives warning about the future of technology’ The Independent, 30 May 2023, available at: https://​www.​independent.​co.​uk/​tech/​geoffrey-hinton-leaves-google-artificial-intelligence-b2331367.​html.
 
9
‘OpenAI’s Sam Altman Urges Regulation of AI in Senate Hearing’ New York Times, 16 May 2023, https://​www.​nytimes.​com/​2023/​05/​16/​technology/​openai-altman-artificial-intelligence-regulation.​html.
 
10
Butcher and Beridze (2019), p. 88.
 
11
Taeihagh (2021), pp. 137–157.
 
12
Erman and Furendal (2022), pp. 267–291.
 
13
Defoe (2018).
 
14
Floridi (2018), p. 3.
 
15
C.f. Floridi, who defines digital regulation as a separate and distinct normative approach from digital governance, rather than as a subset of governance (Floridi, ‘Soft Ethics’).
 
16
For an overview, see Brazeal (2023).
 
17
See classically, Posner (2002).
 
18
Lessig (1999).
 
19
Araujo and Harrison (2001), p. 5. It should be noted that, as Araujo and Harrison insist “path dependency does not imply that the future is in any way closed and technological development predetermined” (p. 7).
 
20
For an overview of this ‘race’ dynamic, see Smuha (2021), pp. 57–84.
 
21
Dafoe (2018).
 
22
Stone et al. (2016). Doc: http://​ai100.​stanford.​edu/​2016-report, Executive Summary. It should be noted that the panel’s recommendation was not that AI should not be regulated, but that “policies should be designed to encourage helpful innovation, generate and transfer expertise, and foster broad corporate and civic responsibility for addressing critical societal issues”. Nonetheless, the overall tenor of the Report is that one should be slow to impose regulatory constraints on the development of AI technology.
 
23
Reed (2018).
 
25
Straub (2017).
 
26
Such as Google’s AI Principles of 2018 (https://​blog.​google/​technology/​ai/​ai-principles/​).
 
28
OECD AI Principles, adopted on 22 May 2019, available at: https://​oecd.​ai/​en/​ai-principles.
 
30
Proposal for a Regulation Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act), SEC(2021) 167 final.
 
31
Gill-Pedro (2021).
 
32
UN Secretary General Policy Brief “A Global Digital Compact” May 2023, available at: https://​www.​un.​org/​sites/​un2.​un.​org/​files/​our-common-agenda-policy-brief-gobal-digi-compact-en.​pdf.
 
33
Committee on Artificial Intelligence Consolidated Working Draft of the Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence, Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law CAI(2023)18, available at: https://​www.​caidp.​org/​app/​download/​8468539363/​CAI(2023)18%20​-%20​Consolidated%20​Working%20​Draft%20​Framework%20​Convention.​docx.​pdf?​t=​1693605881.
 
34
Ted Lieu ‘I’m a Congressman who codes: AI freaks me out!’ NYT 23 Jan 2023.
 
35
Zheng and Zhang (2023).
 
36
Smuha ‘From a ‘race to AI’ to a ‘race to AI regulation’ (supra, n. 13).
 
37
On a meta-level, it is quite feasible that future legislation already today is prepared by, or with the use of, AI technology in some way, shape or form.
 
38
Both the Council and the European Parliament proposed versions that included a section on regulating what the Council referred to as ‘General Purpose AI’ and the European Parliament ‘Foundational Models’. The fact that the institutions could not even agree on what these kinds of AI systems should be called perhaps tells its own story about the difficulties of governing AI.
 
39
See generally Chesterman (2020), p. 210.
 
40
See generally Agrawal et al. (2018).
 
41
Taeihagh (2021), p. 137.
 
42
See for instance Murgia (2023), Mahendra (2023).
 
43
Ahmed et al. (2023), pp. 884–886.
 
44
See David (2023).
 
45
Russell (2019).
 
46
High Level Expert Group (2018), p. i.
 
Literatur
Agrawal A, Gans J, Goldfarb A (2018) Prediction machines: the simple economics of artificial intelligence. Harvard Business Review Press
Ahmed N et al (2023) The growing influence of industry in AI research. Science 379:884–886CrossRef
Araujo L, Harrison D (2001) Technological trajectories and path dependence. Technol Anal Strategic Manage 14:5CrossRef
Brazeal G (2023) Markets as legal constructions. Univ Cincinnati Law Rev. 91595–679
Butcher J, Beridze I (2019) What is the state of artificial intelligence governance globally? RUSI J 164:88–96CrossRef
Chesterman S (2020) Artificial intelligence and the problem of autonomy. Notre Dame J Emerging Technol 2:210
Erman E, Furendal M (2022) The global governance of artificial intelligence: some normative concerns. Moral Philosophy Polit 9:267–291CrossRef
Floridi L (2018) Soft ethics, the governance of the digital and the general data protection regulation. Phil.Trans.R.Soc. A376
Gill-Pedro E (2021) The most important legislation facing humanity? The proposed EU regulation on artificial intelligence. Nordic J Eur Law 4
High Level Expert Group (2018) Draft ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI. European Commission, p i
Kharpal A (2017) A.I. is in its ‘infancy’ and it’s too early to regulate it, Intel CEO Brian Krzanich says. CNBC TechTransformers 7 November 2017
Lessig L (1999) Code and other laws of cyberspace. Basic Books
Mahendra S (2023) Dangers of AI – Concentration of Power. AIPlus Info, 31 August 2023
Murgia M (2023) Risk of ‘industrial capture’ looms over AI revolution. Financial Times 23 March 2023
Reed C (2018) How should we regulate artificial intelligence? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
Russell S (2019) Human compatible: artificial intelligence and the problem of control. Viking
Smuha N (2021) From a ‘race to AI’ to a ‘race to AI regulation’: regulatory competition for artificial intelligence. Law Innov Technol 13:57–84CrossRef
Stone P et al (2016) Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030. In: One hundred year study on artificial intelligence: Report of the 2015-2016 Study Panel. Stanford University, Stanford
Straub J (2017) Does regulating AI save humanity or just stifle innovation? The Conversation
Taeihagh A (2021) Governance of artificial intelligence. Policy Soc 40:137–157CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Law and the Governance of Artificial Intelligence
verfasst von
Andreas Moberg
Eduardo Gill-Pedro
Copyright-Jahr
2024
Buch
YSEC Yearbook of Socio-Economic Constitutions 2023

Print ISBN: 978-3-031-55831-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-031-55832-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2024

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/16495_2024_69