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2024 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Make the Moon Great Again. Die Versicherheitlichung des cislunaren Raums

verfasst von : Sonay Sarac

Erschienen in: Strategischer Wettbewerb im Weltraum

Verlag: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

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Zusammenfassung

Während sich die menschlichen Aktivitäten bislang noch auf den erdnahen Orbit beschränken, gewinnt der cislunare Raum zunehmend an Bedeutung. So wachsen mit der Kommerzialisierung und den technologischen Möglichkeiten auch die Ambitionen, diesen Bereich des Weltraums einschließlich des Mondes zu erschließen. Mit Blick auf die USA fällt dabei jedoch auf, dass strategische und militärische Interessen immer deutlicher in den Fokus rücken. Es stellt sich somit die Frage, inwiefern sich eine Versicherheitlichung des cislunaren Raums durch die USA bemerkbar macht. Entgegen der gängigen Meinungen in der Wissenschaft liegt dieser Arbeit die Annahme zugrunde, dass eine Versicherheitlichung die politische Realität positiv beeinflussen kann. So ist es vorstellbar, dass aus einer solchen Handlung später ein Völkergewohnheitsrecht für den Mond hervorgehen könnte. Damit ließe sich die Lücke füllen, die der gescheiterte Mondvertrag hinterlässt.

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Fußnoten
1

Vgl. den Beitrag von Antje Nötzold in diesem Band.

 
2

Vgl. die Beiträge von Manuel Steudle sowie Maximilian Mayer und Kunhan Li in diesem Band.

 
3

Vgl. Jones, Andrew. 2021. China, Russia reveal roadmap for international moon base. Space News. https://​spacenews.​com/​china-russia-reveal-roadmap-for-international-moon-base/​.

 
4

Stirn, Alexander. 2020. Do NASA’s Lunar Exploration Rules Violate Space Law? Scientific American. https://​www.​scientificameric​an.​com/​article/​do-nasas-lunar-exploration-rules-violate-space-law/​.

 
5

Vgl. Williams, Michael C. 2003. Words, Images, Enemies: Securitization and International Politics. International Studies Quarterly. 47 (4): 511–531, S. 513.

 
6

Daase, Christopher 2009. Der erweiterte Sicherheitsbegriff, In: Internationale Politik als Überlebensstrategie. Hrsg. Ferdowsi, Mir A. 137–155. Bayerische Landeszentrale für politische Bildungsarbeit, S. 137.

 
7

Vgl. den Bekitrag von Moritz Brake und Everett Dolman in diesem Band.

 
8

Buzan, Barry et al. 1998. Security: A New Framework for Analysis. Lynne Rienner Publishers.

 
9

Ebd., S. 26.

 
10

Vgl. ebd., S. 36.

 
11

Vgl. Peoples, Columba. 2010. The growing ‚securitization‘ of outer space. Space Policy. 26 (4): 205–208.

 
12

Buzan et al. (1998), S. 24 f.

 
13

Vgl. ebd., S. 24, 26.

 
14

Fischer, Susanne et al. 2014. (Un‐)Sicherheitswahrnehmung und Sicherheitsmaßnahmen im internationalen Vergleich. Schriftenreihe Sicherheit Nr. 14., https://​refubium.​fu-berlin.​de/​bitstream/​handle/​fub188/​21921/​sr_​14.​pdf?​isAllowed=​y&​sequence=​1, S. 17.

 
15

Vgl. Buzan et al. (1998), S. 25.

 
16

Vgl. ebd., S. 36.

 
17

Vgl. Fischer et al. (2014), S. 16.

 
18

Vgl. Buzan et al. (1998), S. 29, 73.

 
19

Eigene Übersetzung; ebd., S. 29.

 
20

Vgl. ebd., S. 23.

 
21

Ebd., S. 29.

 
22

Vgl. ebd.; Fischer et al. (2014), S. 17.

 
23

Vgl. Buzan et al. (1998), S. 29.

 
24

Roe, Paul. 2012. Is securitization a ‚negative‘ concept? Revisiting the normative debate over normal versus extraordinary politics. Security Dialogue. 43 (3): 249–266.

 
25

Ebd., S. 252.

 
26

Ebd., S. 253.; Floyd, Rita. 2007. Towards a Consequentialist Evaluation of Security: Bringing Together the Copenhagen and the Welsh Schools of Security Studies. Review of International Studies. 33 (2): 327–350; Floyd, Rita. 2010. Security and the Environment: Securitisation Theory and US Environmental Security Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

 
27

Roe (2012), S. 260.

 
28

Vgl. ebd.

 
29

Vgl. Booth, Ken 2007. Theory of World Security. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, S. 168.

 
30

Ebd.

 
31

Vgl. ebd., S. 169.

 
32

Vgl. Johnson, Kaitlyn. 2022. Fly me to the Moon: Worldwide Cislunar and Lunar Missions. Center for Strategic & International Studies. https://​www.​csis.​org/​analysis/​fly-me-moon-worldwide-cislunar-and-lunar-missions.

 
33

Vgl. ebd.

 
34

Vgl. Byers, Michael; Boley, Aaron. 2022. Cis-lunar space and the security dilemma. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. https://​thebulletin.​org/​premium/​2022-01/​cis-lunar-space-and-the-security-dilemma/​.

 
35

Chow, Channing C. et al. 2020. Cislunar Periodic Orbit Families and Expected Observational Features. Amostech. https://​amostech.​com/​TechnicalPapers/​2020/​Astrodynamics/​Chow.​pdf.

 
36

Vgl. Bobskill, Marianne R.; Lupisella, Mark L. 2012. The Role of Cis-Lunar Space in Future Global Space Exploration. NTRS – NASA Technical Reports Server. https://​ntrs.​nasa.​gov/​citations/​20120009459.

 
37

Vgl. Byers und Boley (2022).

 
38

Vgl. Crane, Keith W. et al. 2019. Assessment of the Utility of a Government Strategic Investment Fund for Space. Science & Technology Policy Institute., https://​www.​ida.​org/​-/​media/​feature/​publications/​a/​as/​assessment-of-the-utility-of-a-government-strategic-investment-fund-for-space/​d-10616.​ashx.

 
39

Vgl. Maccone, Claudio. 2002. The Lunar Farside Radio Lab Study of the IAA. International Academy of Astronautics. https://​www.​researchgate.​net/​publication/​228781180_​The_​Lunar_​Farside_​Radio_​Lab_​Study_​of_​the_​IAA, S. 2.

 
41

Vgl. Byers und Boley (2022).

 
42

Kaplan, Spencer. 2020. Eyes on the Prize. The Strategic Implications of Cislunar Space and the Moon. Center for Strategic & International Studies. https://​aerospace.​csis.​org/​strategic-interest-in-cislunar-space-and-the-moon/​, S. 7.

 
43

Ebd., S. 5.

 
44

Vgl. ebd.

 
45

Vgl. Bruhaug, Gerrit; Phillips, William. 2021. Nuclear Fuel Resources of the Moon: A Broad Analysis of Future Lunar Nuclear Fuel Utilization. NSS Space Settlement Journal., https://​space.​nss.​org/​wp-content/​uploads/​NSS-JOURNAL-Nuclear-Fuel-Resources-of-the-Moon-2021-June.​pdf; Crawford, Ian A. 2015. Lunar resources: A review. Progress in Physical Geography. 39 (2): 137–167.

 
46

Vgl. Kaplan (2020), S. 6.

 
47

Vgl. Li, Shuai et al. 2018. Direct evidence of surface exposed water ice in the lunar polar regions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 115 (36): 8907–8912.

 
48

Vgl. Kaplan (2020), S. 6.

 
49

Vgl. Jones, Andrew. 2022. NASA and China are eyeing the same landing sites near the lunar south pole. Space News. https://​spacenews.​com/​nasa-and-china-are-eyeing-the-same-landing-sites-near-the-lunar-south-pole/​; Cremins, Thomas; Spudis, Paul D. 2007. Viewpoint: The Strategic Context of the Moon Echoes of the Past, Symphony of the Future. Astropolics: International Journal of Space Politics and Policy. 5 (1): 87–104, S. 98.

 
50

Vgl. Santa-Bárbara Vozmediano, Pablo. 2021. Geopolitics of the Moon: The Dawn of a New Space Era. IEEE. Opinion Paper 17/2021. https://​www.​ieee.​es/​Galerias/​fichero/​docs_​opinion/​2021/​DIEEEO17_​2021_​PABSAN_​GeopoliticaLuna_​ENG.​pdf.

 
51

Ebd., S. 6.; Dolman, Everett Carl. 2012. New Frontiers, Old Realities. Strategic Studies Quarterly. 6 (1): 78–96, https://​www.​airuniversity.​af.​edu/​Portals/​10/​SSQ/​documents/​Volume-06_​Issue-1/​Spring12.​pdf.

 
52

Sadat, Mir. 2021. Space: New Threats, New Service, New Frontier. Strategic Studies Quarterly. 14 (4): 6–17, S. 7.

 
53

Vgl. Cremins und Spudis (2007), S. 99.

 
54

Sadat (2021), S. 7.

 
55

Lambach, Daniel; Diehl, Carlo. 2021. Die Territorialisierung der Global Commons. Zeitschrift für Internationale Beziehungen. 28 (2): 5–33, S. 26.

 
56

Vgl. Deplano, Rossana 2021. The Artemis Accords: Evolution or Revolution in International Space Law? International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 70 (3): 799–819, S. 818.

 
57

Wrench, John G. 2019. Non-Appropriation, No Problem: The Outer Space Treaty Is Ready for Asteroid Mining. Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law. 51 (1). https://​scholarlycommons​.​law.​case.​edu/​jil/​vol51/​iss1/​11/​, S. 437.

 
58

Vgl. Blount, P. J. 2011. Renovating Space: The Future of International Space Law. Denver Journal of International Law & Policy. 40 (1). https://​digitalcommons.​du.​edu/​djilp/​vol40/​iss1/​28/​, S. 516 ff.

 
59

Ebd., S. 520.

 
60

Vgl. ebd., S. 522.

 
61

UNOOSA. 2002. Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies. ST/SPACE/11. United Nations Treaties and Principles on Outer Space. https://​www.​unoosa.​org/​pdf/​publications/​STSPACE11E.​pdf, S. 4.

 
62

Vgl. Wrench (2019), S. 437.

 
63

Vgl. Blount (2011), S. 522.

 
64

Ebd., S. 525.

 
65

Vgl. The White House. 2020a. Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources. https://​trumpwhitehouse.​archives.​gov/​wp-content/​uploads/​2020/​04/​Fact-Sheet-on-EO-Encouraging-International-Support-for-the-Recovery-and-Use-of-Space-Resources.​pdf; Goehring, John S. 2021. Why isn’t Outer Space a Global Commons? Journal of National Security Law & Policy. 11. https://​jnslp.​com/​wp-content/​uploads/​2021/​09/​Why_​Isnt_​Outer_​Space_​a_​Global_​Commons_​2.​pdf.

 
66

Vgl. ebd., S. 574.

 
67

Vgl. Scott, Kevin D. 2016. Joint Operating Environment 2035: The Joint Force in a Contested and Disordered World. Technical Report., https://​apps.​dtic.​mil/​sti/​citations/​AD1014117.

 
68

Vgl. ebd., S. 31.

 
69

Vgl. Goehring (2021), S. 574.

 
70

Scott (2016), S. 31.

 
71

Hitchens, Theresa. 2020b. Industry Says ‚Meh‘ To DoD Cislunar Space Push. Breaking Defense. https://​breakingdefense.​com/​2020/​08/​industry-says-meh-to-dod-cislunar-space-push/​.

 
72

Byers und Boley (2022).

 
73

Vgl. Goehring (2021), S. 574.

 
74

The White House. 2020b. Executive Order on Encouraging International Support for the Recovery and Use of Space Resources. https://​trumpwhitehouse.​archives.​gov/​presidential-actions/​executive-order-encouraging-international-support-recovery-use-space-resources/​.

 
75

Vgl. Marboe, Irmgard 2021. What, if any, relevance does the Moon Agreement have to activities in space today?. The New Space Age: Beyond Global Order. Perry World House., https://​global.​upenn.​edu/​sites/​default/​files/​perry-world-house/​Marboe_​SpaceWorkshop.​pdf, S. 4.

 
76

Vgl. Goswami, Namrata. 2021. The Strategic Implications of the China-Russia Lunar Base Cooperation Agreement. The Diplomat. https://​thediplomat.​com/​2021/​03/​the-strategic-implications-of-the-china-russia-lunar-base-cooperation-agreement/​.

 
77

Vgl. NASA. 2020b. Artemis-Plan. NASA’s Lunar Exploration Program Overview, https://​www.​nasa.​gov/​sites/​default/​files/​atoms/​files/​artemis_​plan-20200921.​pdf.

 
78

Vgl. ebd., S. 26.

 
79

Vgl. Deplano (2021), S. 801 f.

 
80

Stirn (2020).

 
81

Vgl. Deplano (2021), S. 800.

 
82

Newman, Christopher. 2020. Artemis Accords: why many countries are refusing to sign Moon exploration agreement. The Conversation. https://​theconversation.​com/​artemis-accords-why-many-countries-are-refusing-to-sign-moon-exploration-agreement-148134.

 
83

Stirn (2020).

 
84

Vgl. Von der Dunk, Frans. 2020. The Artemis Accords and the law: Is the Moon ‚back in business‘?. The University of Auckland. https://​www.​thebigq.​org/​2020/​06/​02/​the-artemis-accords-and-the-law-is-the-moon-back-in-business/​.

 
85

Vgl. Stirn (2020) und den Beitrag von Enrico Fels und Sibel Öztürk-Bastanoglu in diesem Band.

 
86

NASA (2020b), S. 9.

 
87

Vgl. NASA. 2020a. Memorandum of Understanding between the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and the United States Space Force., https://​www.​nasa.​gov/​sites/​default/​files/​atoms/​files/​nasa_​ussf_​mou_​21_​sep_​20.​pdf.

 
88

Vgl. ebd., S. 2.

 
89

Ebd.

 
90

Vgl. Raymond, J.ohn W. 2020. Spacepower Doctrine for Space Force. Space Capstone Publication. https://​www.​spaceforce.​mil/​Portals/​1/​Space%20​Capstone%20​Publication_​10%20​Aug%20​2020.​pdf.

 
91

Vgl. ebd., S. iv, 14.

 
92

Erwin, Sandra. 2022. U.S. Space Force sees future demand for surveillance beyond Earth orbit. Space News. https://​spacenews.​com/​u-s-space-force-sees-future-demand-for-surveillance-beyond-earth-orbit/​.

 
93

Vgl. Furfaro, Robert et al. 2021. Tracking Objects in Cislunar Space: The Chang’e 5 Case. https://​amostech.​com/​TechnicalPapers/​2021/​Cislunar-SSA/​Furfaro.​pdf, S. 1.

 
95

Pollpeter et al. (2020), S. 2.

 
96

Hitchens, Theresa. 2020a. AFRL Satellite To Track Up To The Moon; Space Force-NASA Tout Cooperation. Breaking Defense. https://​breakingdefense.​com/​2020/​09/​afrl-satellite-to-track-up-to-the-moon-space-force-nasa-tout-cooperation/​.

 
97
 
98

Vgl. SBIR. 2020. LUNINT: Lunaspatial Intelligence, https://​www.​sbir.​gov/​sbirsearch/​detail/​1941917; Cohen, Rachel S. 2020. Emerging Lunar Intelligence Field to Shape Space Ops. Air & Space Forces Magzine. https://​www.​airandspaceforce​s.​com/​emerging-lunar-intelligence-field-to-shape-space-ops/​.

 
99

Vgl. Kaplan (2020), S. 9.

 
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Metadaten
Titel
Make the Moon Great Again. Die Versicherheitlichung des cislunaren Raums
verfasst von
Sonay Sarac
Copyright-Jahr
2024
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-42602-6_18

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